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冷熱沖擊試驗(yàn)箱壓縮機(jī)常識問題
冷熱沖擊試驗(yàn)箱
在關(guān)機(jī)后至少停3分鐘才能再次啟動(dòng)是為了消除壓縮機(jī)進(jìn)/排氣的壓差。因?yàn)樵趬翰钶^大的情況下,會(huì)使電機(jī)的啟動(dòng)力矩增大,引起電流上升到一定程度時(shí),保護(hù)器動(dòng)作,壓縮機(jī)無法繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。
2、R410A/R22潤滑油可否混用?
POE油(R410a)和礦物油(R22)兩者基油有差異,特別是吸濕性差異明顯,如果POE油用于R22冷媒且系統(tǒng)不按R410a的系統(tǒng)要求添加干燥器,會(huì)造成毛細(xì)管堵塞以及電機(jī)絕緣性能不佳。
根據(jù)冷媒的不同,潤滑油中添加劑的側(cè)重及量值也有差異。一般,R22的礦物油側(cè)重于添加防氧化劑和消泡劑,而POE油著重添加防氧化劑和酸捕捉劑。當(dāng)兩者混用時(shí),會(huì)降低壓縮機(jī)的使用壽命。
3、壓縮機(jī)充氟位置確認(rèn)
制冷劑一般可在三處添加:冷凝器、壓縮機(jī)的儲液器側(cè)、蒸發(fā)器。
儲液器處加液,系統(tǒng)起動(dòng)時(shí),液體冷媒會(huì)連續(xù)沖擊汽缸,使壓縮機(jī)產(chǎn)生液擊,對壓縮機(jī)的損壞是極其致命的,同時(shí)液體制冷劑直接進(jìn)入壓縮機(jī)后,可能會(huì)黏附在接線端子上,引起瞬間絕緣、耐壓不佳;同理,在蒸發(fā)器側(cè)加液也會(huì)發(fā)生這種情況。
而對于冷凝器來說,由于它本身的體積比較大,能存放足夠量的制冷劑,同時(shí)起動(dòng)時(shí)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生不佳后果,充注速度快且安全;所以一般都采用在冷凝器處充液的方法。
4、*大允許充注量。油可否混用?
壓縮機(jī)在使用時(shí)制冷劑封入量,要控制在容許范圍以內(nèi),如果制冷劑封入量過多,可能產(chǎn)生以下不佳:
絕緣電阻下降;
液體回流量過多---液壓縮;
油被制冷劑稀釋---潤滑不佳;
工作能力不穩(wěn)定;平衡壓力增大---啟動(dòng)不佳;
長時(shí)間停用后壓縮機(jī)中液體冷媒過多---啟動(dòng)負(fù)荷增大;
5、冷凝溫度比壓縮機(jī)底部低6℃
在連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)ΔT 要在6℃以上;斷續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)ΔT 要在0℃以上,控制ΔT 的意義:
與冷凝溫度(相當(dāng)于殼體內(nèi)壓的飽和溫度)相比,壓縮機(jī)底部溫度較低時(shí),冷媒會(huì)在壓縮機(jī)內(nèi)不斷凝聚,這時(shí)油被冷媒稀釋,造成油膜強(qiáng)度不夠?qū)е禄瑒?dòng)部件的嚴(yán)重磨損。規(guī)定ΔT 就是要保證冷媒不要在壓縮機(jī)內(nèi)凝聚,防止上述的不佳發(fā)生。
ΔT 偏低的常見原因:
? 冷媒封入量過多;
? 毛細(xì)管不合適;
? 對壓縮機(jī)的過度冷卻;
? 頻繁的、短時(shí)間運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的斷續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
6、電機(jī)繞組溫度
使用條件在*大負(fù)荷時(shí),要在127℃以下。
測定方法 :在壓縮機(jī)停止后3秒鐘以內(nèi),用惠斯登電橋或數(shù)字歐姆表測定主繞組電阻,再根據(jù)下面公式計(jì)算:
繞組溫度t℃=[R2(T1+234.5)/R1]-234.5
R2: 測定電阻; R1: 冷態(tài)時(shí)的繞組電阻;T1:冷態(tài)電機(jī)溫度
如果繞組溫度超過使用條件,可能產(chǎn)生的不佳:
繞組漆包線的老化速度加快(電機(jī)燒毀);
絕緣材料綁線、絕緣紙老化速度加快(溫度每升高10℃絕緣壽命減半 );
由于過熱造成油的劣化(潤滑性能下降);
7、內(nèi)置式過載保護(hù)器
“內(nèi)置式過載保護(hù)器”觸點(diǎn)在正常工作時(shí)是常閉的,當(dāng)“內(nèi)置式過載保護(hù)器”感知的壓縮機(jī)內(nèi)部溫度上升時(shí),“雙金屬片”動(dòng)作,帶動(dòng)觸點(diǎn)一極將常閉觸點(diǎn)跳開,切斷電流回路,對壓縮機(jī)形成保護(hù)。由于“內(nèi)置式過載保護(hù)器”連接在壓機(jī)密封接線柱的C端,可以同時(shí)將主、副兩個(gè)線圈進(jìn)行保護(hù)。
雙金屬片是溫度觸發(fā)進(jìn)行保護(hù)動(dòng)作的。觸發(fā)溫度源來自兩部分:一是電流通過時(shí)的電加熱熱量,二是“內(nèi)置式過載保護(hù)器”的金屬外殼感知的溫度。
8、變頻用熱動(dòng)開關(guān)、熱敏電阻
熱動(dòng)開關(guān)和熱敏電阻均與壓縮機(jī)接線無關(guān),不直接串聯(lián)在壓縮機(jī)電路中。
熱動(dòng)開關(guān)是通過感受壓縮機(jī)殼蓋溫度,控制壓縮機(jī)控制電路的通斷。
熱敏電阻是負(fù)溫度特性元件有反饋信號輸出到微處理器。在微處理器內(nèi)預(yù)先輸入一組溫度、阻值數(shù)表。每測得一個(gè)阻值,就能在微電腦中反映出相應(yīng)的溫度。*終達(dá)到溫度控制的作用。
9、充氟后先運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)再檢查電氣性能
液態(tài)制冷劑封入后,充入的液態(tài)制冷劑可能會(huì)凝結(jié)在接線端子上,液態(tài)制冷劑的絕緣阻抗遠(yuǎn)小于氣態(tài)制冷劑,會(huì)出現(xiàn)瞬間整機(jī)絕緣等級下降的現(xiàn)象。經(jīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后,液態(tài)制冷劑蒸發(fā),絕緣會(huì)恢復(fù)正常。
10、為何系統(tǒng)要規(guī)定真空度
真空度直接影響到系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的含水量,真空度越低,系統(tǒng)中殘留的水蒸氣越少。
1、制熱時(shí)毛細(xì)管、膨脹閥的冰堵;
2、水分導(dǎo)致的酸性環(huán)境會(huì)加劇油的劣化和電機(jī)燒毀;會(huì)侵蝕零部件,對壓縮機(jī)產(chǎn)生致命影響。
3、會(huì)產(chǎn)生“鍍銅”現(xiàn)象,影響部品的配合間隙和密封效果;嚴(yán)重的電鍍銅現(xiàn)象會(huì)直接導(dǎo)致配合部品的堵轉(zhuǎn)。
4、制冷劑會(huì)分解;
5、空氣為不凝結(jié)氣體,導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)壓力高,工況不穩(wěn)定;
11、系統(tǒng)真空狀態(tài)時(shí)注意事項(xiàng)
在真空狀態(tài)下,壓縮機(jī)嚴(yán)禁運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)或施加電脈沖。
因?yàn)樵谡婵諣顟B(tài)下,電子容易被游離出來,因此產(chǎn)生放電。而帶電體間存在介質(zhì)(如制冷劑、空氣),電子就不容易游離。
12、如何判斷油面、油量是否合適
主要有兩類確認(rèn):
1、視鏡觀察,觀察各工況(含特殊工況)下,壓縮機(jī)內(nèi)機(jī)油是否向系統(tǒng)異常的轉(zhuǎn)移,是否有特殊時(shí)間點(diǎn)的油面降低。
2、試驗(yàn)時(shí)截取油+冷媒的混合物,測試油稀釋率不超出允許值。
通過以上的措施,我們基本可以判定一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的回油、冷媒充注量對壓縮機(jī)可靠性是否合適。壓縮機(jī)與空調(diào)系統(tǒng)具有匹配性,簡單的試驗(yàn)并不能完全將長期運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中可能發(fā)生的問題全部進(jìn)行考核。
壓縮機(jī)使用注意事項(xiàng)
1、壓縮機(jī)誤接線
壓縮機(jī)只有一種正確的接線方式,其他都是錯(cuò)誤的。由于誤接線,熱保護(hù)器可能喪失保護(hù)功能,而導(dǎo)致壓縮機(jī)燒毀,一般會(huì)造成副線圈燒毀。
對三相壓縮機(jī),要有相序保護(hù)裝置
2、系統(tǒng)中異物進(jìn)入
系統(tǒng)殘留物來源可能有:
1、銅管切割時(shí)產(chǎn)生細(xì)小銅屑。
2、系統(tǒng)制造過程中的加工油、雜質(zhì)等異物
3、壓縮機(jī)長期暴露在空氣中,灰塵、水蒸氣進(jìn)入。
4、焊接時(shí),管路內(nèi)部表面會(huì)產(chǎn)生氧化膜,所以焊接時(shí)要充氮?dú)獗Wo(hù)
殘留物對系統(tǒng)的影響:
1、會(huì)加劇運(yùn)動(dòng)件摩擦面的磨損和堵塞泵油通道
2、當(dāng)壓縮機(jī)中含有水分、纖維、灰塵等微小夾雜物時(shí),可能吸附在電機(jī)繞組及接線柱上,降低整機(jī)絕緣性能。
3、加工油等還會(huì)和冷媒或冷凍機(jī)油反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生淤渣、焦碳,附著在排氣閥片,吸氣濾網(wǎng)、毛細(xì)管中,引起堵塞;
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